Kant And Kant s Decision Procedures - 1143 Words

This example deems that killing the one healthy person is morally permissible because it saves five other people, and thus maximizes happiness. However, this judgment severely conflicts with deeply held moral beliefs that it is wrong to kill a healthy person and consequently, this creates a problem for act utilitarians. With regard to Kantianism, Kant believes that moral duty is based on reason. Every rational being must consider the decision procedure for moral reasoning to determine if their action is morally permissible and can be universalized. However, Kant’s decision procedures may lead to conflict. Kant endorses the claim that one must never lie, regardless of the circumstance. As discussed in class, we are tempted to make exceptions to the rule against lying because we think that if we are honest, the consequences will be bad, and if we tell a lie, the consequences will be good. Kant would argue that we can never be certain about what the consequences will be, and for this reason, the best policy is to avoid what we already know is evil – lying. Kant assumes that we would be morally responsible for any bad consequences of lying, but we would not be held accountable for any bad consequences of telling the truth. Consider the following example: Your friend has a baby and asks you if you think that the baby is cute. Your honest opinion is that the baby is ugly. According to Kantianism, you must tell the truth. Kant believes that we would not be responsible for the badShow MoreRelatedThe Ethics Of Non Voluntary Active Euthanasia1050 Words   |  5 Pagesshould be used. When euthanasia is non-voluntary and active, such as on a patient with dementia, the ethical decision comes into play if there are episodes of clarity and the patient has or has not mentioned what they want to do at the end of life situations. Principles of deontology suggest duty and obligation. A medical professional in such situations have an obligation to fulfill the patien t s wishes. The nature of their obligation does not sway based on what they personally think. Patients with dementiaRead MoreCase Analysis : Incident At Morales1234 Words   |  5 PagesMorales presents us with the moral problem confronted at work and home and demonstrates to settle on the right decision ethically. The video is about settling on an ethical decision morally despite the fact that we did our occupation accurately. The video closes tragically because of the choices made by the workers that were made to diminish the expense of the plant. The theories of Kant, Aristotle and Mills as connected to the video alongside tests and instinct are examined in the paper. TitleRead MoreKant s Powerful Reasoning For Moral Atrocities1525 Words   |  7 PagesIsaac Albert Moral Philosophy 3/20/2016 Word Count: 1528 Kant’s powerful reasoning for moral atrocities. Kant explains his moral theory, the categorical imperative, in â€Å"Grounding for the metaphysics of Morals†. In this paper i will argue that Kantian reasoning provides the most powerful understanding of how to assess and navigate moral dilemmas concerning atrocities when compared to Utilitarianism. In order to effectively do so, i will be using a case by Bernard Williams. The caseRead MoreAnimal Rights And The Right Action1305 Words   |  6 Pages Billions of animals are killed by human beings each year. Most of these animals live in filthy, unfavorable conditions and undergo painful procedures before being slaughtered for food or other purposes. The way that these animals are treated would never be considered ethical when applied to humans, even though animals and humans have much in common. Humans should not kill or harm animals purposefully, just as they should not purposefully harm other humans. Based on the theory of utilitarianism-Read MoreJustified killing1476 Words   |  6 Pagescircumstances that would cause many to approve abortion. They would argue that having a child is an important lifelong decision that requires consideration, preparation, and planning. If an individual is the victim of a molestation or rape incident that resulted in a pregnancy, chances are they are not equipped to provide for the child financially or emotionally, making abortion the smarter decision. What many fail to recognize is that abortion is not the only answer. Adoption is an alternative for unexpectedRead MoreUtilitarianism : A Philosophical Concept That Was Taught By John Stuart Mill931 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Morrone Dr. Kaspar Ethics 13 March 2016 Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that was taught by John Stuart Mill in which he explains that every person always act and make decisions that maximize their utility. Mill gave a clear explanation that utilitarian often aim at maximizing utility because it is morally right. All actions that individuals perform in their own initiatives are to make their lives better in the long run. This essay is aimed at explaining the way in which utilitarianismRead MoreConcepts Of The Person : Subjectivity, Identity, And Personhood1836 Words   |  8 PagesPersonhood Professor: Oli Stephano Immanuel Kant, â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† Amy Abdelrazeq and Michael Barzach â€Æ' Class Presentation Response to â€Å"The Categorical Imperative† by Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher known as the central figure of modern philosophy, was born on April 22, 1724. Philosophers such as Rene Descartes, David Hume, Aristotle, and Plato influenced Kant. Kant was interested in concepts such as what makes a decision moral vs. immoral, the human mind, and understandingRead MoreThe Ethics Of Physician Assisted Suicide Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pages Should individuals hold the privilege to survive or expire, conferring to their personal perception of a â€Å"good life† even if they are not hurting anyone else? The exceedingly divided dispute around the procedure of physician-assisted suicide (PAS) asks this very question. Although PAS is reasonably fresh to the sphere of moral matters it is often the main topic in many discussions about proper healthcare and palliative care. Physician-assisted suicide was initially permitted in the stateRead MoreDr. Ethos, The Chief Resident Of A Hospital1591 Words   |  7 Pageswell as the good Doctor’s status as the prime transplant surgeon, Dr. Ethos knows that the procedure could go off without a problem. However, the cranky old man would have to die, or rather be killed, in order to successfully treat all the patients. The question is, what would Dr. Ethos do, if he were Utilitarian (Act vs. Rule)? What would Dr. Ethos do, if he were a Deontologist (Kantian)? Utilitarianism John S. Mill describes Utilitarianism, also known as â€Å"The greatest happiness principle†, as a philosophicalRead MorePhilosophy: Deontology vs. Utilinarianism Essay761 Words   |  4 Pageswhether an action is ethical and follows the moral rules, depends on the intentions behind the decisions (Pieper, 2008). So for an action to be â€Å"good† and morally right, it must have been performed at goodwill and abide to moral values. Immanuel Kant was a renowned philosopher known for his theories and his deontological way of thinking. Deontology was also known as kantianism because of him. According to Kant, even though there are times when people don’t want to suffice what is right, they are morally

Should Prostitution Be More Beneficial - 1659 Words

Allie Godat Jessica Perkins Writing 1 November 13, 2015 Prostitution In this essay, I will be giving my arguments on whether or not prostitution would be more beneficial to society and safer it wasn’t illegal. I will be giving you background information on the history of prostitution at the beginning of civilization, and how it came to be illegal in the United States. Next I will state the reasons why prostitution is currently criminalized, and why people think it should remain that way. I will then reply to those arguments while stating my own thoughts and arguments. Lastly, I will provide alternatives to the criminalization of prostitution since there are multiple ways prostitution can become safer without it all being illegal. Within that, I will give examples and evidence from countries today that use some of these alternatives. By definition, a prostitute is a person who has sex with someone in exchange for money. Prostitution is often referred to as â€Å"the oldest profession;† it has been around since the beginning of civiliz ation (Carrasquillo). Some people believe that it even dates back to before mankind; evidence shows that primates have been seen offering sexual services in exchange for food or to avoid an attack. Even during the earliest years of civilization, it was a part of the everyday life of Mesopotamians, Greeks, and the Romans. In Ancient Rome, the sex trade was in high demand because it was needed to control the sexual activities of men so theyShow MoreRelatedPro-Prostitution (The Advantages of Prostitution)1469 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution is the act or practice of engaging in sexual activities in the exchange of money (Dictionary.com). Prostitution is believed by many to be the world?s oldest profession with its roots tracing back to ancient times (Otchet). It is a common belief that prostitutes are only women, but the truth is that prostitutes are predominantly of the female gender. In today?s modern society prostitutes are frowned upon by society because they see it as being on the same category as drug addiction andRead MoreThe introduction of new technological advanced innovations and methods during the Market Revolution1700 Words   |  7 Pagesdeceived and moved from their motherland to work in unfavorable industries with prostitution as the most common jobs for these women. With the incessant growth of the prostitution, the act of participating in promiscuous copulation especially for money, theres an outgoing debate on whether prostitution should be legalized or illegalized. However, people fail to focus on the increasing amount of trafficking and child prostitution aroused by sex tourism. As the world interchanges knowledge, commodities,Read MoreProstitution and Ethical Values Related to It954 Words   |  4 PagesProstitution and Ethical Values related to it Introduction Prostitution can be defined as â€Å"The act or practice of engaging in sexual intercourse for money,† and is usually provided as an underground service. A person who works in this field is called a prostitute, and is a kind of sex worker. Prostitution is one of the branches of the sex industry. The legal status of prostitution varies from country to country, from being permissible but unregulated, to an enforced or unenforced crimeRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of people believe prostitution should stay illegal, claiming that the legalization of prostitution will only make the chances of getting an STD even higher, an increase in rape rates, and will also add to the growth of human trafficking. Although this could be the case, there have been many studies that tell a different story. Currently, Nevada has allowed prostitution in 11 of its counties with much success. There can be many benefits from the legalization of prostitution in the states. LegalizingRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Beneficial For Our Nation?1176 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is one of the oldest occupations of all t ime. Brothels have always been around since ancient times. So this deviant act is nothing new in the world we live in today. Prostitution shouldn’t be deemed deviant. Prostitution is often said to be the oldest profession, and there is a lot of evidence that this is true. The earliest texts we have reference prostitutes, either sacred ones working for a temple or common street prostitutes. Throughout the Bible, prostitutes played greater or lesserRead MoreProstitution Is Considered The World Oldest Profession1170 Words   |  5 PagesProstitution is regarded as the world’s oldest profession; however, every state, except Nevada, currently prohibits it. According to Dr. Shumsky, â€Å"in the nineteenth-century police departments...confined prostitution to certain locations† to segregate prostitutes from other citizens (Shumsky 668). Many people see prostitution as a fountainhead of vice, and numerous religious leaders have argued that it leads to other crimes such as adultery. One common misconception about prostitution is that mostRead MoreAdvocate Research Paper1248 Words   |  5 Pagesthe U.S. In other countries, however, prostit ution doesn’t carry the same negative connotation, as it does in the U.S. In Canada, The Netherlands, France, and many other countries, prostitution has been legal for some time now. Domestically, the counties surrounding Las Vegas are famous for being home to the only legal commercial fornication in the U.S. Still, to look at Nevada alone when discussing the subject would be to neglect the majority of prostitution that occurs in the US. Illegal sex workRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Prostitution1700 Words   |  7 PagesReleasing laws on prostitution †¦ specifically, legalizing this area of the sex industry, will create a profound impact on society. While halotry (as it was once commonly called) has its detractors and negative connotations, the benefits outway the problems society consistently point out. Society at large questions the merits of legalizing prostitution, when in fact there are several advantages legalization could create. At a minimum, legalizing harlo try will make the job significantly safer and keepRead MoreProstitution Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages Prostitution has been a part of our worlds culture since the beginning of time, and is the worlds oldest profession. Ever since the beginning of time man has felt the need to pay for services of a sexual nature, whether are legal or not. In our culture; however, prostitution has become a topic of debate concerning the merits of this professions legality. In viewing the legalization of prostitution one must take into account all the pros and cons of the situation, but more importantly what isRead More Prostitution and Functionalism Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesProstitution and Functionalism Works Cited Not Included Throughout America and the entire world, prostitution flourishes. Prostitution is another never ending war like abortion, which society feels is immoral. This immorality leads functionalists, who apply functionalism to this social problem, on a chase to figure out why prostitution is what it is today. Functionalism is the best theory for looking at prostitution. It allows us to see how prostitution changes along with other aspects of

Ethernet as a Network Topology Free Essays

string(69) " switch with many stations \(demand\) and few servers \(resources\)\." Ethernet is the most widely used network topology. You can choose between bus and star topologies, and coaxial, twisted-pair, or fiber optic cabling. But with the right connective equipment, multiple Ethernet-based LANs (local area networks) can be linked together no matter which topology and/or cabling system they use. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethernet as a Network Topology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In fact, with the right equipment and software, even Token Ring, Apple Talk, and wireless LANs can be connected to Ethernet. The access method Ethernet uses is CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection). In this method, multiple workstation access a transmission medium (Multiple Access) by listening until no signals are detected (Carrier Sense). Then they transmit and check to see if more than one signal is present (Collision Detection). Each station attempts to transmit when it â€Å"believes† the network is free. If there is a collision, each station attempts to retransmit after a preset delay, which is different for each workstation. Collision detection is an essential part of the CSMA/CD access method. Each transmitting workstation needs to be able to detect that simultaneous (and therefore data-corrupting) transmission has taken place. If a collision is detected, a â€Å"jam† signal is propagated to all nodes. Each station that detects the Collision will wait some period of time and then try again. The two possible topologies for Ethernet are bus and star. The bus is the simplest (and the traditional) topology. Standard Ethernet (10BASE5) and Thin Ethernet (1OBASE2), both based on coaxial cable systems, use the bus. Twisted-Pair Ethernet (10BASE-T), based on unshielded twisted pair, and Fiberoptic Ethernet (FOIRL and 10BASE-FL), based on fiberoptic cable, use the star. In the following document we will try to explain what switched, Fast and Gigabit Ethernet are and make comparison of these three. LAN segments can be interconnected using bridges or routers. This works well when the traffic between segments is not high, but the interconnecting devices can become bottlenecks as the inter-segment traffic increases. Until recently, there were few ways to alleviate this problem. Now, however, a new class of interconnect products has emerged that can boost bandwidth on overburdened, traditional LANs while working with conventional cabling and adapters. These are known as LAN switches and are available for Ethernet, token ring, and FDDI. Switching technology is increasing the efficiency and speed of networks. This technology is making current systems more powerful, while at the same time facilitating the migration to faster networks. Understanding this technology is important; only then can we design and implement switched networks from the ground up. Switching directs network traffic in a very efficient manner – it sends information directly from the port of origin to only its destination port. Switching increases network performance, enhances flexibility and eases moves, adds and changes. Switching establishes a direct line of communication between two ports and maintains multiple simultaneous links between various ports. It proficiently manages network traffic by reducing media sharing – traffic is contained to the segment for which it is destined, be it a server, power user or workgroup. It is a cost-effective technique for increasing the overall network throughput and reducing congestion on a 10-Mbps network. Other than the addition of the switching hub, the Ethernet network remains the same the same network interface cards, the same client software, the same LAN cabling. There are three basic types of switches on the market at this time. They all perform the same basic function of dividing a large network into smaller sub-networks, however the manner in which they work internally is different. The types are known as Store and Forward, Cut Through, and Hybrid. A description of each type is shown below: A Store and Forward switch operates much as its name implies; first it stores each incoming frame in a buffer, checks it for errors, and if the frame is good it then forwards it to its destination port. A Cut Through switch operates differently than a Store and Forward type. In a Cut Through switch, the switch begins forwarding the frame immediately upon recieving the Destination Address. A Hybrid switch is an attempt to get the best of both Store and Forward switches and Cut Through switches. A Hybrid switch normally operates in Cut Through mode, but constantly monitors the rate at which invalid or damaged frames are forwarded. Designing A Switched Ethernet Network Designing a switched Ethernet network is actually a fairly straightforward process. The first step is to evaluate the traffic flow through you expect each user or group of users to generate. Analysis of the network will most likely find that you have a large number of users who are not going to place a heavy load on the network, and a smaller number of users who will place a large load on the network. We now group the Undemanding Users together on a hub and connect each hub to a switch port. Our more demanding users will usually be either directly connected to the switch, or if they are on hubs, fewer of them will be sharing each switch port than on the Undemanding User portion. One point which should be kept in mind regarding the design of a switched network is that traffic patterns vary by user and time. Therefore, just taking a â€Å"snapshot† of network usage patterns may lead to the wrong conclusions and result in a design, which is not optimal. It is always advisable to monitor usage patterns over a period of several days to a week to decide how to allocate network bandwidth optimally. Also, in almost all cases, a process of trial and error may be required to fully optimize the design.  · It is most important to get a switch that doesn’t drop frames.  · Latency is a concern, but take it with a grain of salt. It will not make that much of a difference.  · Deciding between cut-through and store-and-forward depends on the application. Time-sensitive applications may need the former.  · Multimedia stations need dedicated switched ports.  · Most switch implementations consist of a switch with many stations (demand) and few servers (resources). You read "Ethernet as a Network Topology" in category "Essay examples" It is best to keep a 1:1 ratio between demand and resource. Or, as mentioned earlier, increase the number of access pipes to the resource. (i.e., multiple lines into one server)  · Baseline your network prior to installing switches to determine the percentage of bad frames that already exist on the network.  · RMON (Remote Monitor) capability embedded in switch ports is may be costly, but it may save time and money in the long run.  · Certain switches support a flow control mechanism known as â€Å"back pressure.† This spoofs collision detection circuitry into thinking there is a collision and subsequently shifting to a back-off algorithm. This throttles back the sending station from transmitting any further data until the back-off process is complete. Switches with this feature need to be placed into the network carefully. What is 100baseT and Why is It Important? 100baseT, also known as Fast Ethernet, is simply a new version of Ethernet that runs at 100 million bits per second, which is ten times the speed of the existing Ethernet standard. 100baseT is becoming very popular because networks need more bandwidth due to more users and to demanding applications like graphics and networked databases. In fact, for many applications, standard Ethernet is simply too slow. For this reason, most experts believe that 100baseT will eclipse Ethernet as the dominant standard for Local Area Networks (LANs) during the next few years. A major advantage of all variants of 100baseT is software compatibility with standard Ethernet. This means that virtually all existing operating systems and application programs can take advantage of 100baseT capabilities without modification. One way fast Ethernet helps network managers make incremental upgrades at relatively low cost is by supporting most wiring and cabling media. The 100-Mbit/s specification can run over the Category 3 and Category 5 wiring already in place. It also runs over fiber optic cabling already installed. Fast Ethernet offers three media options: 100Base-T4 for half-duplex operation on four pairs of Category 3 UTP (unshielded twisted pair) or Category 5 UTP, 100Base-TX for half- or full-duplex operation on two pairs of data-grade Category 5 UTP or STP (shielded twisted pair), and 100Base-FX for half- or full-duplex transmission over fiber optic cable (the specification should be completed by year’s end). As with other high-speed LAN technologies, fast Ethernet operates most efficiently on higher-grade media, such as Category 5 cabling or fiber. For Category 3-based installations, the 100Base-T4 media option uses four pairs of Category 3 UTP cabling. Data is transmitted on three pairs of wires, utilizing standard 8B/6T coding, which allows a lower signal frequency and decreases electromagnetic emissions. However, because the 100Base-T 4 standard uses the three pairs of wires for both transmission and reception, a 100Base-T4 network cannot accommodate full-duplex operation, which requires simultaneous dedication of wire pairs to transmission and reception. Work is still in progress on 100Base-FX fast Ethernet over fiber, but trials show it to be stable and capable of sustained 100-Mbit/s throughput at distances over 100 meters. Essentially, as a second means of transmitting data over fiber, 100Base-FX will be an alternative to FDDI. Moreover, because it will support full-duplex operation, 100Base-FX has the potential to become a significant backbone technology. 100BASE-T Fast Ethernet represents the best choice for customers interested in high speed networking for many reasons. There are 40 million 10 Mbps (Mega-bit per second) Ethernet users in the world today. 100BASE-T technology has evolved from this 10 Mbps world. By keeping the essential characteristics of the Ethernet technology (known as CSMA/CD) unchanged in the 100Mbit world, customers and installers can benefit from the body of Ethernet expertise developed over the years. The Ethernet industry expects that 100BASE-T will offer ten times the performance for twice the price of 10BASE-T. This improvement is made possible by advances in integrated circuit chip technology. As chips get smaller, they run faster, use less energy and are cheaper to produce. Early Ethernet controllers were made in 1.2 micron chips. State-of-the-art technology uses 0.45 micron chips. This represents an almost eight-fold reduction in chip size. 100BASE-T technology offers unparalleled ease of migration. You can decide how fast to upgrade, in what steps and stages, without massive â€Å"fork-lift† upgrades. Most 100BASE-T network cards will run as 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T cards. You will be able to buy cards now and run them at 10BASE-T speeds. Later when you are ready to upgrade to 100BASE-T you will not need to change your network cards. 100BASE-T is widely supported by many different companies. These include networking, systems, semiconductor, computer, integrator and research companies. Many of these companies have been supporting the industry effort through the Fast Ethernet Alliance. Wide support is essential for network users, ensuring a ready supply of interoperable products at competitive prices. The transmission systems of the 100BASE-T standard have high data integrity. It was shown that if 100 million 100BASE-T networks were run at maximum speed it would take over a billion times the age of the universe before there would be an undetected error. These error rates are significantly better than for 10BASE-T, Token Ring and FDDI. Recently, PC LAN adapter card manufacturers like 3Com and SMC have made very aggressive moves to further accelerate the adoption of 100baseT by pricing their 100baseTX products at only a slight premium compared to their standard Ethernet products. For example, a 3Com 100baseTX card is priced at $149, compared to $129 for their Ethernet card. Because virtually all 100baseTX cards also support 10baseT, this means that customers are being encouraged to buy the 100baseT capability even if they don’t need it today. In other words, you can buy the 100baseTX card today and use it on your existing 10baseT network; when you upgrade your network to 100baseTX, you won’t have to throw away your adapter cards. By all accounts, this strategy has been very successful. Gigabit Ethernet is an extension of the highly successful 10Mbps (10Base-T) Ethernet and 100Mbps (100Base-T) Fast Ethernet standards for network connectivity. IEEE has given approval to the Gigabit Ethernet project as the IEEE 802.3z Task Force. Gigabit Ethernet is fully compatible with the huge installed base of Ethernet and Fast Ethernet nodes. The original Ethernet specification was defined by the frame format and support for CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) protocol, full duplex, flow control, and management objects as defined by the IEEE 802.3 standard. Gigabit Ethernet will employ all of these specifications. In short, Gigabit Ethernet is the same Ethernet that managers already know and use, but 10 times faster than Fast Ethernet and 100 times faster than Ethernet. It also supports additional features that accommodate today’s bandwidth-hungry applications and match the increasing power of the server and desktop. To support increasing bandwidth needs, Gigabit Ethernet incorporates enhancements that enable fast optical fiber connections at the physical layer of the network. It provides a tenfold increase in MAC (Media Access Control) layer data rates to support video conferencing, complex imaging and other data-intensive applications. Gigabit Ethernet compatibility with Ethernet preserves investments in administrator expertise and support staff training, while taking advantage of user familiarity. There is no need to purchase additional protocol stacks or invest in new middleware. Just as 100Mbps Fast Ethernet provided a low-cost, incremental migration from 10Mbps Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet will provide the next logical migration to 1000Mbps bandwidth. This section discusses the various topologies in which Gigabit Ethernet may be used. Gigabit Ethernet is essentially a â€Å"campus technology†, that is , for use as a backbone in a campus-wide network. It will be used between routers, switches and hubs. It can also be used to connect servers, server farms (a number of server machines bundled together), and powerful workstations. Essentially, four types of hardware are needed to upgrade an exiting Ethernet/Fast Ethernet network to Gigabit Ethernet :  · Gigabit Ethernet Network Interface Cards (NICs)  · Aggregating switches that connect a number of Fast Ethernet segments to Gigabit Ethernet  · Gigabit Ethernet repeaters ( or Buffered Distributors) The five most likely upgrade scenarios are given below : 1.Upgrading server-switch connections Most networks have centralized file servers and compute servers A server gets requests from a large number of clients. Therefore, it needs more bandwidth. Connecting servers to switches with Gigabit Ethernet will help achieve high speed access to servers. . This is perhaps the simplest way of taking advantage of Gigabit Ethernet. 2.Upgrading switch-switch connections Another simple upgrade involves upgrading links between Fast Ethernet switches to Gigabit Ethernet links between 100/1000 Mbps switches. 3.Upgrading a Fast Ethernet backbone A Fast Ethernet backbone switch aggregates multiple 10/100 Mbps switches. It can be upgraded to a Gigabit Ethernet switch which supports multiple 100/1000 Mbps switches as well as routers and hubs which have Gigabit Ethernet interfaces. Once the backbone has been upgraded, high performance servers can be connected directly to the backbone. This will substantially increase throughput for applications which require high bandwidth. 4.Upgrading High Performance Workstations As workstations get more and more powerful, higher bandwidth network connections are required for the workstations. Current high-end PCs have buses which can pump out more than 1000 Mbps. Gigabit Ethernet can be used to connect such high speed machines. Gigabit Ethernet will be an ideal solution for many of the networking challenges confronting MIS departments today. With businesses implementing more powerful technologies like super-fast servers and data-intensive applications such as video streaming, videoconferencing, or high-speed file backups, the new Gigabit Ethernet standard will go a long way toward adding significant bandwidth at reasonable costs. The following explains some of the key advantages Gigabit Ethernet will provide. Gigabit Ethernet will offer a dramatic increase (as much as a hundredfold) in pure bandwidth to help organizations meet the challenges of overburdened or growing network infrastructures. Gigabit throughput will greatly relieve pressures on LAN backbones while providing both the scalability and speed users need to run data-intensive applications productively. When gigabit data rates become available, firms will be able to greatly expedite large file transfers between servers and other devices. Mirroring the price and performance benefits that Fast Ethernet brought to Ethernet networking, Gigabit Ethernet will offer ten times greater performance than today†s Fast Ethernet at two to three times the cost. The working groups are selecting technologies, such as the Fibre Channel physical layer for fiber, with these specific cost targets in mind. Gigabit Ethernet will maintain the 802.3 and Ethernet standard frame format, as well as 802.3 managed object specifications. As a result, organizations can easily upgrade to gigabit speeds while preserving existing applications; operating systems; protocols such as IP, IPX, and AppleTalk; and network management platforms and tools. Managing Gigabit Ethernet networks upgraded from Fast Ethernet backbones will be simple and easy because the new technology requires no learning curve or training for MIS staffs. By offering backward compatibility with existing 10/100 Ethernet standards, Gigabit Ethernet will provide the same outstanding investment protection that Fast Ethernet offered. When upgrading to gigabit performance, companies will maintain existing wiring, operating systems, protocols, drivers, and desktop applications. No training is required for users or network managers, and network management tools and applications will remain intact. Administrators will be able to keep existing tried-and-tested hardware, software, and management practices while providing-with minimal risk and cost-the networking functionality and performance their organizations require. Gigabit Ethernet is the third generation Ethernet technology offering a speed of 1000 Mbps. It is fully compatible with existing Ethernets, and promises to offer seamless migration to higher speeds. Existing networks will be able to upgrade their performance without having to change existing wiring, protocols or applications. Gigabit Ethernet is expected to give existing high speed technologies such as ATM and FDDI a run for their money. The IEEE is working on a standard for Gigabit Ethernet, which is expected to be out by the beginning of 1998. A standard for using Gigabit Ethernet on twisted pair cable is expected by 1999. How to cite Ethernet as a Network Topology, Essay examples

Electronic Data Interchange Background

Question: Discuss about the Electronic Data Interchange Background. Answer: Introduction From the several years electronic contract are existing, the people have been creating contract by the electronic means for a numbers of years. Previously the maximum numbers of electronic contract were made in Electronic Data Interchange or EDI background. The large companies have conventionally used this to transact via close ended proprietary network and utilizing value added network. This makes a connection between the suppliers and the retailers. It helps in reducing the time as it can be done within a fraction of time duration. Apart from this, the electronic contract or electronic transaction also helps in improving the efficiency of the contractual process. Therefore, the processes become faster and more effective so that the entire contractor parties are benefitted. The EDI standards play vital role in interchanging electronic communication. However, a significant amount of business activities has been performed via e-mail thus the electronic business flourishes even without the EDI standard. Maximum numbers of the electronic transaction do not need any signature; valuable contracts also can be done without any writhing. There are significant numbers of contract are made each day via e-mail. In this context it is important to know, whether the electronic contracts are valid or not. In case of any discrepancy is there any law help the plaintiff. Main body The e-contracts are theoretically very similar to the conventional business contract. Vendors offer their products and services with price and terms and condition to the prospective buyers. The buyers consider the options and match with their needs, then negotiate rate and terms if possible and then place order and then make payment. After that the vendors use to deliver the procured goods. On the other hand, as because of the manners in which it varies from conventional commerce, the electronic commerce invokes few novel and interesting technical as well as legal disputes. For a valid contract, there are six element should be present, which are as follows: willingness to make a legal contract, an offer, an acceptance, followed by consideration, examining capacity of the contract and the legality of the contract. Same as written contract in electronic contract also require the same elements to fulfill the norms as well as rule and regulations of a valid contract. The making of an obl igatory legal contract the court enforces the contracting parties to accomplish a variety of requirements, which are prescribed by the contract law of the country. These requirements must be fulfilled prior to the completion of a contract. Moreover, for the valid contract the six important elements must be presented there, otherwise the contract may be void. In addition to the 6 fundamental elements certain categories of contract ought to be in writings form, in an electronic alternative. The electronic contract also requires these six elements in order to make a valid contract. The idea of a contract as a bargain or conformity struck by two or more parties on the basis of the principle that the outcome will be accomplishing of the mind of the parties on the term as well as conditions, which will create the conformity with each other. Each party will generally agree to perform certain things in returning due to the promise of the other party to perform definite things of specific ch aracteristic. As per the contract law of Australia an electronic contract is no less in comparison to a simple contract as it is done via computer. The bright line rules in respect of the online contract are remained being developed. The courts normally apply the conventional contracts law principles to the online contract. There are a vast number of online contract made up by a click wrap agreement. The typical shape of electronic contract adds online terms of usage intended for popular web based services. On a click wrap contract the user normally manifests consent by clicking an I accept icon on the web pages or in pop-up screen. The courts concentrate on click wrap contract have equivalently held the electronic contract valid along with enforceable. Like any other contract if a user failed to read the click wrap contract before accepting its term and condition will not explain compliance with its terms. In this matter DeJohn v The T.V. Corp. International case can be given as example where the plaintiff DeJohn enter in a agreement by clicking I agree icon on net. A web wrap is used for the law of internet in a reference of contract or license agreement and it protect access or usage of web material on a specific web site. In the Case study Ruder v Microsoft Corp. where the plaintiff Rudder claim damage for violation of contract and the defendant was Microsoft Corp. apart from this in the case of Spechet v netscape communications Corp. is a case of enforceability of web wrap software license. A valid contract needs an offer, acceptance along with a consideration. The offer produce in the internet are valid offer because as per the contract law a valid offer shows a willingness to make an entry into a bargain so as build as to provide justification to another person in order to understand that his/her assent to that specific bargain is invited as well as will conclude it. An offer comprised with an acceptance which outcome in mutual asset. An acceptance is made at the time when the acceptance of the offer is mailed or else sent. The rule is accepted for the electronic offers. According to the case of Entores Ltd Vs Miles Far East Corporation; CA 1955 a contract will be considered as valid completed contract after only the acceptance is obtained by the receiver. An electronic acceptance is useful at the time of acceptance is mailed or sent. Mutual assent or agreement is the expression by the both parties on an intention to be bound. The approval of an offer can be agreed by acts along with words including via email communication. The contract offer along with the acceptance via distinguish email can also use suffice in case of mutual assent is reached. As per the case of Leach Nominees Pty v Walter Wright the acceptance via telex can be accepted according to the postal acceptance rule. The postal rule states that the acceptance take effect as soon as the letter of acceptance is posted. There are several cases like Adams v Lindsell (1818), household Fi re Insurance Company v Grant support this argument. The electronic offer is as same as the traditional written offer as like the traditional contract offer, electronic contract also has offer, acceptance, and consideration. A mutual assent comprises of an offer by a party as well as an acceptance of that particular offer by another parties. A large body of rule along with the guidelines, which addresses enforcement as well as contract information, comprises contract law. Contract is basically nothing but a promise or a set of promises and for the violation of these promises the law offer remedies. Electronically the contract can be formed by disseminating the offers in the websites, there are click wrap options, and the interested candidates accepting the offers by clicking on the options, there are also a set of terms and conditions which bind the parties within the contract. The electronic contract formation usually same as the other contract formation there are also a intention f or a creation of legal contract, offer, acceptance, consideration, capacity of the contract and legality of the contract. Here the technologies play important role as in formulating a legal contract. The vendors place offer, the interested party apply for the offer and in the offer form there are the terms and condition are written. After the acceptance of the contractual offer by the interested parties, the vendor use to provide delivery of the items means the promised goods or services. The offers displays in the internet are actual mostly offer, and the legality for the offer use to be performed prior to the circulating the offer. However, often it is seen that some people make offer in the internet, which are face and intend to cheat the customers. Basically in the email offer it can be seen, where there is not any term and conditions or fake term and condition and fake legal jurisdictions. Therefore, it is recommended that if you do not know the person who gives the offer personally do not accept the offer as it may be fake offer. The offers placed by the e-commerce site are valid offer and you can accept those offers without any hesitant. The offers are bonded with few predetermined terms and conditions. The offerors create the terms and conditions and the acceptors of the offers have to obey the terms and conditions. In the case of electronic contract the offer is made by the offerors and circulated in the websites the interested people accept the offer by clic king the click wrap option. The clock of the click wrap option by the users implies that the users accept the offer. The contract law as per the case Mehta v j Pereira Fernandes SA; CHD/APR2006 is included under the common law. The prties of the case were dispute. A party who wish to accept the offer can withdraw the offer within a predefined time period stated in the offer form or offer page in the internet. The vendors who circulate the offer furnish the offer with some predefined term and conditions where the time limit for withdraw the offer also been stated and within the time frame the party who accepted the offer can withdraw the offer and annual the offer in case of by mistaken he/she accepted the offer without knowing the terms and condition or the quality and goods and services or the prices of goods and services. As per the Australian contract law an offer, irrespectively in written contract, oral contract, electronic contract and any other form of contract a time has been provided and within the time period the contract can be withdrawn. The countrys electronic contract are governs by the Electronic Transactions Act 1999. (Cth), and as per the norms and rules the electronic contract can be withdrawn with a predefined time period. The law furnished in Electronic Transactions Act 1999. (Cth), provide the adequate legal help to the parties who are bonded with the electronic contract in order to resolve the dispute in the contract among the parties. In this matter in Australia there is an important Electronic Transactions Act 1999. (Cth), the Act provides the essential guidelines for the electronic transaction and contract formation. It is the countrys application of UNCITRAL Model Law intended for Electronic Commerce of 1996. The opening of the Act pursued a report by Electronic Commerce Expert Group in July 1998. The expert team examined the current law and detected that there were situations where the present law did not precisely resolve the legal issues. The team made the perceptions that these uncertainties or doubts would restrain the development of electronic commerce. There are some problems in the electronic contract which are as follows: it is problematic to evaluate if there is a valid and binding contract regarding sale as well as purchase, whether the exchange of email was adequate to satisfy the needs in section 59 of the PLA that a valid contract for the sale of land ought to be in writing as well as signed by the party or authorized representatives. There was not any intention by the parties to be legally bonded by the email exchange. Conclusion The electronic contract is increasing day by day and its importance is also enhancing over the time. With the advancement of the information technology and latest communication techniques as well advancement in the internet technologies has brought a boom in the electronic transactions. E-commerce is widely used in modern day context. There are several e-commerce sites like amazon, ebay, many more appears in the scene, and the offer and contract are legally bonded. The e-contracts are supposedly alike to the traditional business contract. Vendors offer their products and services with price and terms and condition to the prospective buyers. The buyers consider the options and match with their needs, then negotiate rate and terms if possible and then place order and then make payment. There are some legal issues in electronic contract which occurs due to the technological advancement and the rules are amended as per the needs of the changes. References Carter, John W,Contract Law In Australia(Lexisnexis Orders/service, 2012) Chadman, Charles E,Contracts And Partnership(Bridge Publishing Company LLC, 2009) Doris, Martin, "Promising Options, Dead Ends And The Reform Of Australian Contract Law" (2013) 34Leg Stud (Soc Leg Scholars) Ellinghaus, M. 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